黄菖蒲叶片对水分的生物学响应及其净化水质作用

为解决漓江流域水质下降和生态系统退化的关键问题,开展黄菖蒲抗逆性以及水质净化作用研究,为漓江水陆交错带生态修复的植物选择提供科学依据。采用盆栽试验,研究了黄菖蒲在不同基质内不同淹水胁迫下的叶片生长情况,共设5个处理,并在全土基质中开展净化水质实验。结果表明:随着水淹深度的增加,黄菖蒲叶片数明显下降;半淹处理对黄菖蒲生长最有利;水淹时间对黄菖蒲叶片数、叶长、叶宽与叶面积有极显著影响;黄菖蒲叶片长度、宽度和叶片数随淹水处理没有明显差异,基质对黄菖蒲的生长无显著差异;水分比基质对黄菖蒲生长影响大;种植黄菖蒲处理后pH减小为中性,在一定程度上可以净化水质,但对氮磷的净化效果不明显。     

马蔺IlWRKY28基因的克隆与表达分析

马蔺(Iris lactea var. chinensis)是鸢尾属多年生草本盐生植物,具有很高的耐盐性和观赏价值。为研究马蔺耐盐的分子机制,通过cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE)从马蔺中克隆到一个WRKY转录因子基因IlWRKY28,获得了1 302 bp的全长cDNA序列,其包含一个108 bp 5′末端非翻译区(UTR),一个174 bp 3′末端UTR和一个1 020 bp开放阅读框。IlWRKY28编码339个氨基酸,预测的蛋白质分子量为37.22 kD,等电点为7.04。氨基酸序列分析显示,IlWRKY28包含一个保守的WRKY基序和一个C2H2型锌指结构域。系统发育分析表明,马蔺IlWRKY28与菠萝(Ananas comosus)AcWRKY28和藏北嵩草(Kobresia littledalei)ClWRKY28亲缘关系最近。荧光定量PCR分析显示,盐处理后,IlWRKY28基因在马蔺地上部显著上调表达。该研究结果为进一步研究IlWRKY28在马蔺适应高盐胁迫中的功能和作用机制奠定了重要的分子基础。     

RAPD variation in relation to population size and plant fitness in the rare Gentianella germanica (Gentianaceae)

We investigated the distribution of genetic variation and the relationship between population size and genetic variation in the rare plant Gentianella germanica using RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) profiles. Plants for the analysis were grown from seeds sampled from 72 parent plants in 11 G. germanica populations of different size (40-5000 fruiting individuals). In large populations, seeds were sampled from parents in two spatially distinct subpopulations comparable in area to the total area covered by small populations. Analysis of molecular variance revealed significant genetic variation among populations (P <0.001), while genetic variation among subpopulations was marginally significant (P <0.06). Average molecular variance within subpopulations in large populations did not differ significantly from whole-population values. There was a positive correlation between genetic variation and population size (P <0.01). Genetic variation was also positively correlated with the number of seeds per plant in the field (P <0.02) and the number of flowers per planted seed in a common garden experiment (P <0.051). We conclude that gene flow among natural populations is very limited and that reduced plant fitness in small populations of G. germanica most likely has genetic causes. Management should aim to increase the size of small populations to minimize further loss of genetic variation. Because a large proportion of genetic variation is among populations, even small populations are worth preserving.     

Inter- and intra- species differences in plants as hosts to shape Tyria jacobaeae

The effects of sublethal doses of deltamethrin and propoxur, applied topically at LD10, LD30 and LD50 on German cockroaches, were studied by reciprocal crossing. Male and female longevities decreased curvilinearly with increasing sublethal doses of deltamethrin, and decreased linearly with increasing sublethal doses of propoxur. Fecundity of females treated with deltamethrin and propoxur was reduced with increasing sublethal doses of both insecticides. Oothecal production, oothecal hatchability and nymphal production also declined with increasing doses of deltamethrin and propoxur. Preoviposition and incubation periods were not affected by sublethal doses of deltamethrin and propoxur, although some significant differences were observed at certain oothecal numbers. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that only treated females showed an effect on oothecal production while oothecal hatch and nymphal production were governed by both treated females and males. Insecticide susceptibility tests on the progeny of parents treated with sublethal doses demonstrated that these doses did not increase insecticidal tolerance in the F1 generation.     

Expression of juvenile hormone acid O‐methyltransferase and juvenile hormone synthesis in Blattella germanica

Juvenile hormone (JH), a sesquiterpenoid synthetized by the insect corpora allata (CA), plays critical roles in metamorphosis and reproduction. Penultimate or last step of JH synthesis is catalyzed by juvenile hormone acid O‐methyltransferase (JHAMT). Here we report the cloning and expression analysis of the JHAMT orthologue in the cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (BgJHAMT). BgJHAMT is mainly expressed in CA, with only expression traces in ovary. Three different isoforms, differing in the 3′‐UTR sequence, were identified. Isoform A shows between 35 and 65 times higher expression than B and C in CA from penultimate nymphal instar and adult females. RNAi‐triggered knock down of BgJHAMT produces a dramatic reduction of JH synthesis, concomitant with a decrease of fat body vitellogenin expression and basal follicle length. BgJHAMT mRNA levels in CA of females along the gonadotrophic cycle parallel, with a slight advancement, JH synthesis profile. BgJHAMT mRNA levels were reduced in starved females and in females in which we reduced nutritional signaling by knocking down insulin receptor and target of rapamycin (TOR). Results show that conditions that modify JH synthesis in adult B. germanica females show parallel changes of BgJHAMT mRNA levels and that the JH‐specific branch of the JH synthesis pathway is regulated in the same way as the mevalonate branch. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nutrition and its signaling through the insulin receptor and TOR pathways are essential for activating BgJHAMT expression, which suggests that this enzyme can be a checkpoint for the regulation of JH production in relation to nutritional status.     

Proteome mining for novel IgE-binding proteins from the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) and allergen profiling of patients

Although cockroaches are known to produce allergens that can cause IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, including perennial rhinitis and asthma, the various cockroach allergens have not yet been fully studied. Many proteins from the German cockroach show high IgE reactivity, but have never been comprehensively characterized. To identify these potential allergens, proteins were separated by 2-DE and IgE-binding proteins were analyzed by nanoLC-MS/MS or N-terminal sequencing analysis. Using a combination of proteomic techniques and bioinformatic allergen database analysis, we identified a total of ten new B. germanica IgE-binding proteins. Of these, aldolase, arginine kinase, enolase, Hsp70, triosephosphate isomerase, and vitellogenin have been reported as allergens in species other than B. germanica. Analysis of the Food Allergy Research and Resource Program allergen database indicated that arginine kinase, enolase, and triosephosphate isomerase showed significant potential cross-reactivity with other related allergens. This study revealed that vitellogenin is an important novel B. germanica allergen. Personalized profiling and reactivity of IgE Abs against the panel of IgE-binding proteins varied between cockroach-allergic individuals. These findings make it possible to monitor the individual IgE reactivity profile of each patient and facilitate personalized immunotherapies for German cockroach allergy disorders.     

Intraspecific variation and population structure of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, revealed with RFLP analysis of the non-transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA

Little information is available on genetic variation within and between populations of pest cockroaches. In this study, intraspecific HindIII polymorphism was investigated in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (Dictyoptera, Blattaria: Blattellidae), using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of the non-transcribed spacer (NTS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Individual male insects were collected from infestations at three different pig farms. Each population was characterized by HindIII restriction fragment frequencies and haplotype (a particular X-chromosome pattern) frequencies. The inheritance of the X-chromosome HindIII rDNA patterns over 12 generations (3 years) follows Mendelian patterns, and the stability of this polymorphic marker indicates infrequent genetic recombination of variable sites. Although pairwise genetic distance measures were uncorrelated with geographical distance, the pattern of genetic differentiation of the three cockroach populations suggests that human-mediated transport of cockroaches is an important force in shaping the population genetic structure of cockroach infestations, at least at the regional scale of 10-100 km. Sequence variation in the ribosomal NTS is a useful marker, and RFLP of rDNA is a simple, robust and reproducible technique for differentiating recently diverged cockroach populations.